MEDICAL REFERENCES


Am I good to all you budding students or what?! This page lists many of the most relevant references on the subject of snow sports injuries and is updated approximately every two months. I have tried to categorise them by snow sport but obviously there is inevitably a degree of overlap. You can also do a search yourself by using the free link to Medline at the bottom of the page. Simply type in your keyword(s) or copy and paste the following "skii* OR snowboard* OR skiboard*" and then try and find the time to read them all!

Alpine ski references
Snowboard references
Skiboard references
Nordic/XC/Telemark ski references
Relevant books and other publications
Medline
 

Alpine ski references

  1. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Campbell RJ et al. Trends in skiing injuries. Analysis of a 6-year study (1972 to 1978). Am. J. Sports Med. 1980; 8: 106-113
  2. Burns TP, Steadman JR, Rodkey WG. Alpine skiing and the mature athlete. Clin Sports Med. 10(2): 327-42, 1991
  3. Ekeland A, Holtmoen A, Lystad H. Lower extremity equipment-related injuries in alpine recreational skiers. Am J Sports Med. 21(2): 201-205, 1993
  4. Finch CF, Kelsall HL. The effectiveness of ski bindings and their professional adjustment for preventing alpine skiing injuries. Sports Med. 25(6): 407-416, 1998
  5. Eun S-P, Kannus P, Johnson RJ. Downhill ski injuries: Trends and treatments. J Musculoskel Med February: 95-106, 2001
  6. Diamond PT, Gale SD, Denkhaus, HK. Head injuries in skiers: an analysis of injury severity and outcome. Brain Injury. 15(5): 429-434, 2001
  7. Sutherland AG, Holmes JD, Myers S. Differing injury patterns in snowboarding and alpine skiing. Injury 1996. 27(6): 423-425
  8. Davidson TM, Laliotis A. Alpine skiing injuries - a nine year study. West J Med. 1996; 164(4): 310-314
  9. Deibert MC, Aronsson DD, Johnson RJ, et al. Skiing injuries in children, adolescents and adults. J. Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998; 80(1): 25- 32
  10. Shorter NA, Jensen PE, Harmon BJ et al. Skiing injuries in children and adolescents. J Trauma. 1996 40(6). 997-1001
  11. Goulet C. Analysis of the data collected through the Alpine Ski Accident Reports: 1992-1993, 1993-1994, and 1994-1995 seasons. Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Regie de la securite dans les sports du Quebec, 1996
  12. Goulet C, Regnier G, Grimard G et al. Risk factors associated with alpine skiing injuries in children. Am J Sports Med. 1999 27(5). 644-650.
  13. Hunter RE. Skiing injuries. Am J Sports Med. 27: 381-389, 1999
  14. Garrick JG, Requa R. The role of instruction in preventing ski injuries. The Physician and Sports Medicine. 1977; 5(12): 57-59
  15. Hackam DJ, Kreller M, Pearl RH. Snow-related recreational injuries in children: assessment of morbidity and management strategies. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34(1): 65-68
  16. Prall JA, Winston KR, Brennan, R. Spine and spinal cord injuries in downhill skiers. J.Trauma.1995; 39(6). 1115-1118.
  17. Floyd T. Alpine skiing, snowboarding, and spinal trauma. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 121: 433-436, 2001
  18. Paletta G, Warren RF. Knee injuries and alpine skiing. Treatment and rehabilitation. Sports Med. 17(6): 411-423, 1994
  19. Hennessey T, Morgan SJ, Elliot P et al. Helmet availability at skiing and snowboarding rental shops. A survey of Colorado ski resort rental practices. Am J Prev Med. 22(2): 110-112, 2002
  20. Tough SC, Butt J. A review of fatal injuries associated with downhill skiing. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1993; 14(1) 12-16
  21. Kip P, Hunter RE. Cervical spine fractures in alpine skiers. Orthopedics. 1995 Aug; 18(8): 737-741
  22. Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE. A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpine skiing. Am J Sports Med. 1995; 23(5): 531-537
  23. Langran M, Jachacy GB, MacNeill A. Ski injuries in Scotland. A review of statistics from Cairngorm ski area, Winter 1993/4. Scott. Med J. 1996 41(6): 169 –172
  24. Langran M, Selvaraj S. Snow Sports Injuries in Scotland. A case-control study. Br. J Sports Med. 35:135-140, 2002
  25. O’Neill DF, McGlone MR. Injury risk in first-time snowboarders versus first-time skiers. Am J Sport Med. 27(1): 94-97, 1999
  26. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF. Alpine ski injuries: Changes through the years. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1982; 1(2): 181 – 197
  27. Federiuk CS, Schlueter JL, Adams AL. Skiing, snowboarding, and sledding injuries in a northwestern state. Wilderness Environ Med. 2002 Winter;13(4):245-9.
  28. Werner S, Willis K. Self-release of ski-binding. Int J Sports Med. 2002 Oct;23(7):530-5.
  29. Levy AS, Hawkes AP, Hemminger LM, Knight S. An analysis of head injuries among skiers and snowboarders. J Trauma. 2002 Oct;53(4):695-704.
  30. Manning JT. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and performance in skiing. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002 Dec;42(4):446-50.
  31. Pressman A, Johnson DH. A review of ski injuries resulting in combined injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy 2003 Feb;19(2):194-202
  32. Rigel EG, Lebwohl MG et al. Ultraviolet radiation in alpine skiing: magnitude of exposure and importance of regular protection. Arch Dermatol 2003 Jan;139(1):60-2
  33. Rossi MJ, Lubowitz JH, Guttmann D. The skier's knee. Arthroscopy 2003 Jan;19(1):75-84
  34. Kupper T, Steffgen J, Gore C et al. Qualified rescue by ski patrols -- safety for the skier. Int J Sports Med 2002 Oct;23(7):524-9
  35. Werner S, Willis K. Self-release of ski-binding. Int J Sports Med 2002 Oct;23(7):530-5
  36. Miller SL, Gladstone JN. Graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop Clin North Am 2002 Oct;33(4):675-83
  37. Rigel EG, Lebwohl MG, Rigel AC, Rigel DS. Ultraviolet radiation in alpine skiing: magnitude of exposure and importance of regular protection. Arch.Dermatol. 2003;139 :60-2.
  38. Skokan EG, Junkins EP, Jr., Kadish H. Serious winter sport injuries in children and adolescents requiring hospitalization.  Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:95-9.
  39. Langran M and Selvaraj S. Increased injury risk amongst first day skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(1): 96-103
  40. Matsumoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. An analysis of hip dislocations among snowboarders and skiers: a 10-year prospective study from 1992 to 2002. J Trauma 2003;55:946-8.
  41. Neumayr G, Hoertnagl H, Pfister R, Koller A, Eibl G, Raas E. Physical and physiological factors associated with success in professional alpine skiing. Int.J Sports Med 2003;24:571-5.
  42. Hogg P. Preparation for skiing and snowboarding. Aust.Fam.Physician 2003;32:495-8.
  43. Aslam N,.Thomas P. Snowdome, skiers and boarders: accident and emergency experience. Int.J Clin.Pract. 2004;58:122-4
  44. Bergstrom KA,.Ekeland A. Effect of trail design and grooming on the incidence of injuries at alpine ski areas. Br.J.Sports Med. 2004;38:264-8
  45. Hagel BE, Goulet C, Platt RW, Pless IB. Injuries among skiers and snowboarders in Quebec. Epidemiology 2004;15:279-86
  46. Hagel BE, Pless IB, Goulet C, Platt RW, Robitaille Y. Quality of information on risk factors reported by ski patrols. Inj.Prev. 2004;10:275-9.
  47. Wetherbee E,.Pellecchia GL. Is there evidence that bracing could provide adequate stability for a 47-year-old man with a deficient anterior cruciate ligament to resume downhill skiing? Phys.Ther. 2004;84:274-82.
  48. Maitland ME. On "Is there evidence that bracing could provide adequate stability for a 47-year-old man with a deficient anterior cruciate ligament to resume downhill skiing?". Phys.Ther. 2004;84:859-60.
  49. Siu TL, Chandran KN, Newcombe RL, Fuller JW, Pik JH. Snow sports related head and spinal injuries: an eight-year survey from the neurotrauma centre for the Snowy Mountains, Australia. J.Clin.Neurosci. 2004;11:236-42.
  50. Xiang H, Stallones L, Smith GA. Downhill skiing injury fatalities among children. Inj.Prev. 2004;10:99-102.
  51. Sulheim S et al. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA. 295(8):919-24, 2006 Feb 22.

      


Snowboard references

  1. Bladin C, Giddings P, Robinson M. Australian snowboard injury database study: a four year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1993; 21(5): 701-4
  2. Bindner SR, Geiger KM. The downside of snowboarding. Common injuries in novices and those seeking “hospital air”. Postgrad. Med. 1999; 105(1): 83-88
  3. Nakaguchi H, Fujimaki T, Ueki K, et al. Snowboard head injury: prospective study in Chino, Nagano, for two seasons from 1995 to 1997. J.Trauma. 1999; 46(6): 1066-1069
  4. Nakaguchi H, Tsutsumi K. Mechanisms of snowboarding-related severe head injury: shear strain induced by the opposite-edge phenomenon. J Neurosurgery 2002; 97: 542-548
  5. Staebler MP, Moore DC, Akelman E et al. The effect of wrist guards on bone strain in the distal forearm. Am J Sports Med. 1999; 27(4): 500-506
  6. Lewis LM, West OC, Standeven J et al. Do wrist guards protect against fractures? Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29(6): 766-769
  7. Giacobetti FB, Sharkey PF, Bos-Giacobetti MA et al. Biomechanical analysis of the effectiveness of in-line skating wrist guards for preventing wrist fractures. Am J Sports Med. 1997; 25(2): 223-225
  8. Sasaki K, Takagi M, Ida H et al. Severity of upper limb injuries in snowboarding. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1999; 119: 292-295
  9. Takagi M, Sasaki K, Kiyoshige Y et al. Fracture and dislocation of snowboarder's elbow. J Trauma 1999; 47(1): 77-81
  10. McCrory P, Bladin C. Fractures of the lateral process of the talus: A clinical review. "Snowboarder's ankle". Clin J Sports Med. 1996; 6: 124-128
  11. Davidson TM, Laliotis AT. Snowboarding injuries. A four year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med 1996; 164: 231-237
  12. Ferrera PC, McKenna DP, Gilman EA. Injury patterns with snowboarding. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 575-577
  13. Koo DW and Fish WW. Spinal cord injury and snowboarding – the British Columbia experience. J. Spinal Cord Med. 1999; 22(4): 246-251
  14. Bladin C, McCrory P. Snowboarding injuries – an overview. Sports Med. 1995; 19(5): 358-364
  15. Idzikowski JR, Janes PC, Abbott PJ. Upper extremity snowboarding injuries. Ten-year results from the Colorado Snowboard Injury Survey. Am J Sports Med. 28(6): 825-832, 2001
  16. Machold W, Kwasny O, Eisenhardt P et al. Reduction of severe wrist injuries in snowboarding by an optimized wrist protection device: A prospective randomized trial. J Trauma. 52(3): 517-520, 2001
  17. Rønning R, Rønning I, Gerner T et al. The efficacy of wrist in preventing snowboarding injuries. Am J Sports Med. 29(5): 581-585, 2001
  18. Yamakawa H, Murase S, Sakai H et al. Spinal injuries in snowboarders: Risk of jumping as an integral part of snowboarding. J Trauma. 50: 1101-1105, 2001
  19. Chow TK, Corbett, SW, Farstad DJ. Spectrum of injuries from snowboarding. J.Trauma. 1996; 41(2): 321-325
  20. Young CC, Niedfeldt MW. Snowboarding injuries. Am Fam Physic 1999; 59(1): 131-136, 141.
  21. Greenwald RM, Janes PC, Swanson SC et al. Dynamic impact response of human cadaveric forearms using a wrist brace. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26(6):825-30
  22. Seino H, Kawaguchi S, Sekine M et al. Traumatic paraplegia in snowboarders. Spine 26(11): 1294-1297, 2001
  23. Machold W, Kwasny O, Gassler P et al. Risk of injury through snowboarding. J. Trauma. 2000; 48(6): 1109-1114
  24. Matsumoto K, Miyamoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. Upper extremity injuries in snowboarding and skiing: a comparative study. Clin J Sport Med. 2002 Nov;12(6):354-9.
  25. Levy AS, Hawkes AP, Hemminger LM, Knight S. An analysis of head injuries among skiers and snowboarders. J Trauma. 2002 Oct;53(4):695-704.
  26. Uzura M, Taguchi Y et al. Chronic subdural haematoma after snowboard head injury. Br J Sports Med 2003 Feb;37(1):82-3
  27. Kondoh T, Kurihara E, Kohmura E. Cervical epidural hematoma after snowboarding injury--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2002 Dec;42(12):550-553
  28. Harris JB. A historical reference for snowboarding injuries. Wilderness Environ Med 2002 Winter;13(4):286; author reply 286-7
  29. Smith PJ. Applying contextual interference to snowboarding skills. Percept Mot Skills 2002 Dec;95(3 Pt 1):999-1005
  30. O'Neill DF. Wrist injuries in guarded versus unguarded first time snowboarders. Clin Orthop 2003 Apr;409:91-5
  31. Harris JB. Snowboarding and head injury. J Neurosurg 2003 Apr;98(4):932; Author reply 932-3
  32. Bundy DW,.Tilton DM. Delayed hemothorax after blunt trauma without rib fractures. Mil.Med 2003;168:501-2.
  33. Chan GM,.Yoshida D. Fracture of the lateral process of the talus associated with snowboarding. Ann.Emerg Med 2003;41:854-8.
  34. Langran M and Selvaraj S. Increased injury risk amongst first day skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(1): 96-103
  35. Matsunaga T, Saitoh S, Tanikawa H, Hayashi M, Ohira M, Kimura T. Deep cutting injury from the edges of a snowboard. Br.J Sports Med 2004;38:80-3.
  36. Bonvin F, Montet X, Copercini M, Martinoli C, Bianchi S. Imaging of fractures of the lateral process of the talus, a frequently missed diagnosis. Eur.J Radiol. 2003;47:64-70.
  37. Matsumoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. An analysis of hip dislocations among snowboarders and skiers: a 10-year prospective study from 1992 to 2002. J Trauma 2003;55:946-8
  38. Ellis C. A case of isolated proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation while snowboarding. Emerg Med J 2003;20:563-4.
  39. Yamagami T, Ishihara H, Kimura T. Clinical features of snowboarding injuries. J.Orthop.Sci. 2004;9:225-9
  40. Taguchi Y, Sakakibara Y, Uchida K, Kishi H. Orbital emphysema following nose blowing as a sequel of a snowboard related head injury. Br.J.Sports Med. 2004;38:E28
  41. Matsunaga T, Saitoh S, Tanikawa H, Hayashi M, Ohira M, Kimura T. Deep cutting injury from the edges of a snowboard. Br.J Sports Med 2004;38:80-3
  42. Sulheim S et al. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA. 295(8):919-24, 2006 Feb 22.


Skiboard references

  1. Greenwald RM, Nesshoever M, Boynton MD. Ski injury epidemiology: A short-term epidemiology study of injuries with skiboards.  In Johnson RJ, Zucco P. and Shealy J.E. (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000: 119-126.
  2. Shealy JE, Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ. A two-year study of skiboards. In Johnson RJ, Zucco P. and Shealy J.E. (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000: 127-131.
  3. Langran M. Injury patterns in skiboarding. A 2-yr study in Scotland. Injury Sep;33(7):563-8, 2002
  4. Holowenko D, Phillip R, MacDonald PB. Fractured tibia and fibula during use of "snowblades": Implications of the return of non release bindings. Clin J Sports Med. 2000; 10: 67-68
  5. Langran M and Selvaraj S. Increased injury risk amongst first day skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(1): 96-103
  6. Bridges EJ, Rouah F, Johnston KM. Snowblading injuries in Eastern Canada. Br.J Sports Med 2003;37:511-5.
  7. Sakamoto Y. Sakuraba K. Snowboarding and ski boarding injuries in Niigata, Japan. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 36(5):943-8, 2008 May


Nordic/XC/Telemark ski references

  1. Tuggy ML. Telemark skiing injuries. J. Sports Med Phys Fitness 1996; 36(3): 217-222
  2. Wright JR. Nordic ski jumping fatalities in the United States. A 50 year summary. J Trauma. 1988; 28(6): 848-851
  3. Tough SC, Butt JC. A review of 19 fatal injuries associated with backcountry skiiing. Am J Foren Med Path 1993; 14(1): 17-21
  4. Federiuk CS, Mann NC. Telemark skiing injuries: Characteristics and risk factors. Wilderness Environ Med 1999; 10: 233-241
  5. Made C, Borg H, Thelander D et al. Telemark skiing injuries: an 11 year study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001; 9: 386-391
  6. Smith M, Matheson GO, Meeuwisse WH. Injuries in cross country skiing. A critical appraisal of the literature. Sports Med. 1996; 21(3): 239-250
  7. Butcher JD, Brannen SJ. Comparison of injuries in classic and skating nordic ski techniques. Clin J Sports Med. 1998; 8: 88-91
  8. Mecham MD, Greenwald RM, Macintyre JG et al. Incidence and severity of head impact during freestyle aerial ski jumping. J Appl Biomech. 1999; 15: 27-33
  9. Tuggy ML, Ong R.  Injury risk factors among telemark skiers. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28(1): 83- 89
  10. Rundell KW, Spiering BA et al. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Jan;35(1):18-26
  11. Helge JW, Lundby C et al. Skiing across the Greenland icecap: divergent effects on limb muscle adaptations and substrate oxidation. J Exp Biol 2003 Mar 15;206(Pt 6):1075-83
  12. Millet GP, Boissiere D, Candau R. Energy cost of different skating techniques in cross-country skiing. J Sports Sci 2003 Jan;21(1):3-11
  13. Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Judelson DA, Wilson MH. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2003;35:18-26.
  14. Farahmand BY, Ahlbom A et al. Mortality amongst participants in Vasaloppet: a classical long-distance ski race in Sweden. J Intern Med 2003 Mar;253(3):276-83



Relevant books and other publications

Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ, Mote CD Jr and Ekeland A (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eleventh Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1289. 1997. ISBN 0-8031-2472-4

Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ  (ed): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Twelfth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1345. 1999. ISBN 0-8031-2612-3

Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ, Zucco P. and Shealy JE (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1397. 2000. ISBN 0-8031-2876-2

 Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ, Lamont MK and Shealy JE  (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Fourteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1440. 2003. ISBN 0-8031-3462-2

Alpine skiing - Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. Leach RE (Ed). Blackwell Scientific Publications 1994. ISBN 0-632-03033-X


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