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MEDICAL REFERENCES

Am I good to all you budding students or what?! This page lists many of the most relevant references on the subject of snow sports injuries and is updated approximately every two months. I have tried to categorise them by snow sport but obviously there is inevitably a degree of overlap. You can also do a search yourself by using the free link to Medline at the bottom of the page. Simply type in your keyword(s) or copy and paste the following "skii* OR snowboard* OR skiboard*" and then try and find the time to read them all!

Alpine ski references

Snowboard references

Skiboard references

Nordic/XC/Telemark ski references

Relevant books and other publications

Medline

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Alpine ski references

  1. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Campbell RJ et al. Trends in skiing injuries. Analysis of a 6-year study (1972 to 1978). Am. J. Sports Med. 1980; 8: 106-113
  2. Burns TP, Steadman JR, Rodkey WG. Alpine skiing and the mature athlete. Clin Sports Med. 10(2): 327-42, 1991
  3. Ekeland A, Holtmoen A, Lystad H. Lower extremity equipment-related injuries in alpine recreational skiers. Am J Sports Med. 21(2): 201-205, 1993
  4. Finch CF, Kelsall HL. The effectiveness of ski bindings and their professional adjustment for preventing alpine skiing injuries. Sports Med. 25(6): 407-416, 1998
  5. Eun S-P, Kannus P, Johnson RJ. Downhill ski injuries: Trends and treatments. J Musculoskel Med February: 95-106, 2001
  6. Diamond PT, Gale SD, Denkhaus, HK. Head injuries in skiers: an analysis of injury severity and outcome. Brain Injury. 15(5): 429-434, 2001
  7. Sutherland AG, Holmes JD, Myers S. Differing injury patterns in snowboarding and alpine skiing. Injury 1996. 27(6): 423-425
  8. Davidson TM, Laliotis A. Alpine skiing injuries - a nine year study. West J Med. 1996; 164(4): 310-314
  9. Deibert MC, Aronsson DD, Johnson RJ, et al. Skiing injuries in children, adolescents and adults. J. Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998; 80(1): 25- 32
  10. Shorter NA, Jensen PE, Harmon BJ et al. Skiing injuries in children and adolescents. J Trauma. 1996 40(6). 997-1001
  11. Goulet C. Analysis of the data collected through the Alpine Ski Accident Reports: 1992-1993, 1993-1994, and 1994-1995 seasons. Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Regie de la securite dans les sports du Quebec, 1996
  12. Goulet C, Regnier G, Grimard G et al. Risk factors associated with alpine skiing injuries in children. Am J Sports Med. 1999 27(5). 644-650.
  13. Hunter RE. Skiing injuries. Am J Sports Med. 27: 381-389, 1999
  14. Garrick JG, Requa R. The role of instruction in preventing ski injuries. The Physician and Sports Medicine. 1977; 5(12): 57-59
  15. Hackam DJ, Kreller M, Pearl RH. Snow-related recreational injuries in children: assessment of morbidity and management strategies. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34(1): 65-68
  16. Prall JA, Winston KR, Brennan, R. Spine and spinal cord injuries in downhill skiers. J.Trauma.1995; 39(6). 1115-1118.
  17.  Floyd T. Alpine skiing, snowboarding, and spinal trauma. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 121: 433-436, 2001
  18. Paletta G, Warren RF. Knee injuries and alpine skiing. Treatment and rehabilitation. Sports Med. 17(6): 411-423, 1994
  19. Hennessey T, Morgan SJ, Elliot P et al. Helmet availability at skiing and snowboarding rental shops. A survey of Colorado ski resort rental practices. Am J Prev Med. 22(2): 110-112, 2002
  20. Tough SC, Butt J. A review of fatal injuries associated with downhill skiing. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1993; 14(1) 12-16
  21. Kip P, Hunter RE. Cervical spine fractures in alpine skiers. Orthopedics. 1995 Aug; 18(8): 737-741
  22. Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE. A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpine skiing. Am J Sports Med. 1995; 23(5): 531-537
  23. Langran M, Jachacy GB, MacNeill A. Ski injuries in Scotland. A review of statistics from Cairngorm ski area, Winter 1993/4. Scott. Med J. 1996 41(6): 169 –172
  24. Langran M, Selvaraj S. Snow Sports Injuries in Scotland. A case-control study. Br. J Sports Med. 35:135-140, 2002
  25.  O’Neill DF, McGlone MR. Injury risk in first-time snowboarders versus first-time skiers. Am J Sport Med. 27(1): 94-97, 1999
  26. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF. Alpine ski injuries: Changes through the years. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1982; 1(2): 181 – 197
  27. Federiuk CS, Schlueter JL, Adams AL. Skiing, snowboarding, and sledding injuries in a northwestern state. Wilderness Environ Med. 2002 Winter;13(4):245-9.
  28. Werner S, Willis K. Self-release of ski-binding. Int J Sports Med. 2002 Oct;23(7):530-5.
  29. Levy AS, Hawkes AP, Hemminger LM, Knight S. An analysis of head injuries among skiers and snowboarders. J Trauma. 2002 Oct;53(4):695-704.
  30. Manning JT. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and performance in skiing. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002 Dec;42(4):446-50.
  31. Pressman A, Johnson DH. A review of ski injuries resulting in combined injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy 2003 Feb;19(2):194-202
  32. Rigel EG, Lebwohl MG et al. Ultraviolet radiation in alpine skiing: magnitude of exposure and importance of regular protection. Arch Dermatol 2003 Jan;139(1):60-2
  33. Rossi MJ, Lubowitz JH, Guttmann D. The skier's knee. Arthroscopy 2003 Jan;19(1):75-84
  34. Kupper T, Steffgen J, Gore C et al. Qualified rescue by ski patrols -- safety for the skier. Int J Sports Med 2002 Oct;23(7):524-9
  35. Werner S, Willis K. Self-release of ski-binding. Int J Sports Med 2002 Oct;23(7):530-5
  36. Miller SL, Gladstone JN. Graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop Clin North Am 2002 Oct;33(4):675-83
  37. Rigel EG, Lebwohl MG, Rigel AC, Rigel DS. Ultraviolet radiation in alpine skiing: magnitude of exposure and importance of regular protection. Arch.Dermatol. 2003;139 :60-2.
  38. Skokan EG, Junkins EP, Jr., Kadish H. Serious winter sport injuries in children and adolescents requiring hospitalization.  Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:95-9.
  39. Langran M and Selvaraj S. Increased injury risk amongst first day skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(1): 96-103
  40. Matsumoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. An analysis of hip dislocations among snowboarders and skiers: a 10-year prospective study from 1992 to 2002. J Trauma 2003;55:946-8.
  41. Neumayr G, Hoertnagl H, Pfister R, Koller A, Eibl G, Raas E. Physical and physiological factors associated with success in professional alpine skiing. Int.J Sports Med 2003;24:571-5.
  42. Hogg P. Preparation for skiing and snowboarding. Aust.Fam.Physician 2003;32:495-8.
  43. Aslam N,.Thomas P. Snowdome, skiers and boarders: accident and emergency experience. Int.J Clin.Pract. 2004;58:122-4
  44. Bergstrom KA,.Ekeland A. Effect of trail design and grooming on the incidence of injuries at alpine ski areas. Br.J.Sports Med. 2004;38:264-8
  45. Hagel BE, Goulet C, Platt RW, Pless IB. Injuries among skiers and snowboarders in Quebec. Epidemiology 2004;15:279-86
  46. Hagel BE, Pless IB, Goulet C, Platt RW, Robitaille Y. Quality of information on risk factors reported by ski patrols. Inj.Prev. 2004;10:275-9.
  47. Wetherbee E,.Pellecchia GL. Is there evidence that bracing could provide adequate stability for a 47-year-old man with a deficient anterior cruciate ligament to resume downhill skiing? Phys.Ther. 2004;84:274-82.
  48. Maitland ME. On "Is there evidence that bracing could provide adequate stability for a 47-year-old man with a deficient anterior cruciate ligament to resume downhill skiing?". Phys.Ther. 2004;84:859-60.
  49. Siu TL, Chandran KN, Newcombe RL, Fuller JW, Pik JH. Snow sports related head and spinal injuries: an eight-year survey from the neurotrauma centre for the Snowy Mountains, Australia. J.Clin.Neurosci. 2004;11:236-42.
  50. Xiang H, Stallones L, Smith GA. Downhill skiing injury fatalities among children. Inj.Prev. 2004;10:99-102.
  51. Sulheim S et al. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA. 295(8):919-24, 2006 Feb 22.
  52. Bentley T, Macky K, Edwards J. Injuries to New Zealanders participating in adventure tourism and adventure sports: an analysis of Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) claims. N.Z.Med.J. 2006;119
  53. Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Braun S, Sargent M, Bernstein IM, Skelly JM et al. The relationship between menstrual cycle phase and anterior cruciate ligament injury: a case-control study of recreational alpine skiers. Am.J.Sports Med. 2006;34:757-64.
  54. Demirel M, Turhan E, Dereboy F, Akgun R, Ozturk A. Surgical treatment of skier's thumb injuries: case report and review of the literature. Mt.Sinai J.Med. 2006;73:818-21.
  55. Fischer C, Overney LS, Fauve M, Blanke O, Rhyner H, Herzog MH et al. What static and dynamic properties should slalom skis possess? Judgements by advanced and expert skiers. J.Sports Sci. 2007;25:1567-76
  56. Goulet C, Hagel B, Hamel D, Legare G. Risk factors associated with serious ski patrol-reported injuries sustained by skiers and snowboarders in snow-parks and on other slopes. Can.J.Public Health 2007;98:402-6.
  57. Josse JM,.Cusimano M. The effect of a skiing/snowboarding safety video on the increase of safety knowledge in Canadian youths--a pilot study. Int.J.Circumpolar.Health 2006;65:385-8.
  58. Kaufmann M, Moser B, Lederer W. Changes in injury patterns and severity in a helicopter air-rescue system over a 6-year period. Wilderness.Environ.Med. 2006;17:8-14.
  59. Matter-Walstra K, Widmer M, Busato A. Seasonal variation in orthopedic health services utilization in Switzerland: the impact of winter sport tourism. BMC.Health Serv.Res. 2006;6:25
  60. McCowan CL, Swanson ER, Thomas F, Hartsell S, Allen TL, Handrahan DL et al. Scene transport of pediatric patients injured at winter resorts. Prehosp.Emerg.Care 2006;10:35-40.
  61. Meyers MC, Laurent CM, Jr., Higgins RW, Skelly WA. Downhill ski injuries in children and adolescents. Sports Med. 2007;37:485-99.
  62. Price J, Ness A, Leary S, Kennedy C. Sun-safety behaviors of skiers and snowboarders on the South Island of New Zealand. J.Cosmet.Dermatol. 2006;5:39-47.
  63. Pujol N, Blanchi MP, Chambat P. The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among competitive Alpine skiers: a 25-year investigation. Am.J.Sports Med. 2007;35:1070-4.
  64. Scott MD, Buller DB, Andersen PA, Walkosz BJ, Voeks JH, Dignan MB et al. Testing the risk compensation hypothesis for safety helmets in alpine skiing and snowboarding. Inj.Prev. 2007;13:173-7.
  65. Sherker S, Finch C, Kehoe EJ, Doverty M. Drunk, drowsy, doped: skiers' and snowboarders' injury risk perceptions regarding alcohol, fatigue and recreational drug use. Int.J.Inj.Contr.Saf Promot. 2006;13:151-7.
  66. Slaney GM, Finn J, Cook A, Weinstein P. Compulsory helmets for school-age skiers and snowboarders. Med.J.Aust. 2007;187:319-20.
  67. Sterett WI, Briggs KK, Farley T, Steadman JR. Effect of functional bracing on knee injury in skiers with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective cohort study. Am.J.Sports Med. 2006;34:1581-5.
  68. Sulheim S, Holme I, Ekeland A, Bahr R. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA 2006;295:919-24.
  69. Sulheim S, Ekeland A, Bahr R. Self-estimation of ability among skiers and snowboarders in alpine skiing resorts. Knee.Surg.Sports Traumatol.Arthrosc. 2007;15:665-70
  70. lkosz B, Voeks J, Andersen P, Scott M, Buller D, Cutter G et al. Randomized trial on sun safety education at ski and snowboard schools in western North America. Pediatr.Dermatol. 2007;24:222-9.
  71. Williams R, Delaney T, Nelson E, Gratton J, Laurent J, Heath B. Speeds associated with skiing and snowboarding. Wilderness.Environ.Med. 2007;18:102-5.

 

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Snowboard references

  1. Bladin C, Giddings P, Robinson M. Australian snowboard injury database study: a four year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1993; 21(5): 701-4

  2. Bindner SR, Geiger KM. The downside of snowboarding. Common injuries in novices and those seeking “hospital air”. Postgrad. Med. 1999; 105(1): 83-88

  3. Nakaguchi H, Fujimaki T, Ueki K, et al. Snowboard head injury: prospective study in Chino, Nagano, for two seasons from 1995 to 1997. J.Trauma. 1999; 46(6): 1066-1069

  4. Nakaguchi H, Tsutsumi K. Mechanisms of snowboarding-related severe head injury: shear strain induced by the opposite-edge phenomenon. J Neurosurgery 2002; 97: 542-548

  5. Staebler MP, Moore DC, Akelman E et al. The effect of wrist guards on bone strain in the distal forearm. Am J Sports Med. 1999; 27(4): 500-506

  6. Lewis LM, West OC, Standeven J et al. Do wrist guards protect against fractures? Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29(6): 766-769

  7. Giacobetti FB, Sharkey PF, Bos-Giacobetti MA et al. Biomechanical analysis of the effectiveness of in-line skating wrist guards for preventing wrist fractures. Am J Sports Med. 1997; 25(2): 223-225

  8. Sasaki K, Takagi M, Ida H et al. Severity of upper limb injuries in snowboarding. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1999; 119: 292-295

  9. Takagi M, Sasaki K, Kiyoshige Y et al. Fracture and dislocation of snowboarder's elbow. J Trauma 1999; 47(1): 77-81

  10. McCrory P, Bladin C. Fractures of the lateral process of the talus: A clinical review. "Snowboarder's ankle". Clin J Sports Med. 1996; 6: 124-128

  11. Davidson TM, Laliotis AT. Snowboarding injuries. A four year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med 1996; 164: 231-237

  12. Ferrera PC, McKenna DP, Gilman EA. Injury patterns with snowboarding. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 575-577

  13. Koo DW and Fish WW. Spinal cord injury and snowboarding – the British Columbia experience. J. Spinal Cord Med. 1999; 22(4): 246-251

  14. Bladin C, McCrory P. Snowboarding injuries – an overview. Sports Med. 1995; 19(5): 358-364

  15. Idzikowski JR, Janes PC, Abbott PJ. Upper extremity snowboarding injuries. Ten-year results from the Colorado Snowboard Injury Survey. Am J Sports Med. 28(6): 825-832, 2001

  16. Machold W, Kwasny O, Eisenhardt P et al. Reduction of severe wrist injuries in snowboarding by an optimized wrist protection device: A prospective randomized trial. J Trauma. 52(3): 517-520, 2001

  17. Rønning R, Rønning I, Gerner T et al. The efficacy of wrist in preventing snowboarding injuries. Am J Sports Med. 29(5): 581-585, 2001

  18. Yamakawa H, Murase S, Sakai H et al. Spinal injuries in snowboarders: Risk of jumping as an integral part of snowboarding. J Trauma. 50: 1101-1105, 2001

  19. Chow TK, Corbett, SW, Farstad DJ. Spectrum of injuries from snowboarding. J.Trauma. 1996; 41(2): 321-325

  20. Young CC, Niedfeldt MW. Snowboarding injuries. Am Fam Physic 1999; 59(1): 131-136, 141.

  21. Greenwald RM, Janes PC, Swanson SC et al. Dynamic impact response of human cadaveric forearms using a wrist brace. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26(6):825-30

  22. Seino H, Kawaguchi S, Sekine M et al. Traumatic paraplegia in snowboarders. Spine 26(11): 1294-1297, 2001

  23. Machold W, Kwasny O, Gassler P et al. Risk of injury through snowboarding. J. Trauma. 2000; 48(6): 1109-1114

  24. Matsumoto K, Miyamoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. Upper extremity injuries in snowboarding and skiing: a comparative study. Clin J Sport Med. 2002 Nov;12(6):354-9.

  25. Levy AS, Hawkes AP, Hemminger LM, Knight S. An analysis of head injuries among skiers and snowboarders. J Trauma. 2002 Oct;53(4):695-704.

  26. Uzura M, Taguchi Y et al. Chronic subdural haematoma after snowboard head injury. Br J Sports Med 2003 Feb;37(1):82-3

  27. Kondoh T, Kurihara E, Kohmura E. Cervical epidural hematoma after snowboarding injury--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2002 Dec;42(12):550-553

  28. Harris JB. A historical reference for snowboarding injuries. Wilderness Environ Med 2002 Winter;13(4):286; author reply 286-7

  29. Smith PJ. Applying contextual interference to snowboarding skills. Percept Mot Skills 2002 Dec;95(3 Pt 1):999-1005

  30. O'Neill DF. Wrist injuries in guarded versus unguarded first time snowboarders. Clin Orthop 2003 Apr;409:91-5

  31. Harris JB. Snowboarding and head injury. J Neurosurg 2003 Apr;98(4):932; Author reply 932-3

  32. Bundy DW,.Tilton DM. Delayed hemothorax after blunt trauma without rib fractures. Mil.Med 2003;168:501-2.

  33. Chan GM,.Yoshida D. Fracture of the lateral process of the talus associated with snowboarding. Ann.Emerg Med 2003;41:854-8.

  34. Langran M and Selvaraj S. Increased injury risk amongst first day skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(1): 96-103

  35. Matsunaga T, Saitoh S, Tanikawa H, Hayashi M, Ohira M, Kimura T. Deep cutting injury from the edges of a snowboard. Br.J Sports Med 2004;38:80-3.

  36. Bonvin F, Montet X, Copercini M, Martinoli C, Bianchi S. Imaging of fractures of the lateral process of the talus, a frequently missed diagnosis. Eur.J Radiol. 2003;47:64-70.

  37. Matsumoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. An analysis of hip dislocations among snowboarders and skiers: a 10-year prospective study from 1992 to 2002. J Trauma 2003;55:946-8

  38. Ellis C. A case of isolated proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation while snowboarding. Emerg Med J 2003;20:563-4.

  39. Yamagami T, Ishihara H, Kimura T. Clinical features of snowboarding injuries. J.Orthop.Sci. 2004;9:225-9

  40. Taguchi Y, Sakakibara Y, Uchida K, Kishi H. Orbital emphysema following nose blowing as a sequel of a snowboard related head injury. Br.J.Sports Med. 2004;38:E28

  41. Matsunaga T, Saitoh S, Tanikawa H, Hayashi M, Ohira M, Kimura T. Deep cutting injury from the edges of a snowboard. Br.J Sports Med 2004;38:80-3

  42. Sulheim S et al. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA. 295(8):919-24, 2006 Feb 22.

  43. Fukuda O, Hirashima Y, Origasa H, Endo S. Characteristics of helmet or knit cap use in head injury of snowboarders. Neurol.Med.Chir (Tokyo) 2007;47:491-4.

  44. Hwang IK, Kim KJ, Kaufman KR, Cooney WP, An KN. Biomechanical efficiency of wrist guards as a shock isolator. J.Biomech.Eng 2006;128:229-34.

  45. McKenna J,.Hammond C. Perspectives on injuries in snowboarders. J.R.Soc.Health 2007;127:181-9.

  46. Ogawa T, Ochiai N, Hara Y. Brachial plexus injury in snowboarding. J.Hand Surg.[Br.] 2006;31:661-2.

  47. Russell K, Hagel B, Francescutti LH. The effect of wrist guards on wrist and arm injuries among snowboarders: a systematic review. Clin.J.Sport Med. 2007;17:145-50.

  48. Tomita H, Takagi Y, Saji S, Kimura A, Imai H, Sumi Y. Self-inflicted splenic injury in snowboarders: postural analysis of forward falls of 10 consecutive patients. Am.J.Emerg.Med. 2006;24:308-12.

  49. Torjussen J,.Bahr R. Injuries among elite snowboarders (FIS Snowboard World Cup). Br.J.Sports Med. 2006;40:230-4.

  50. von Knoch F, Reckord U, von Knoch M, Sommer C. Fracture of the lateral process of the talus in snowboarders. J.Bone Joint Surg.Br. 2007;89:772-7.

  51. Wakahara K, Matsumoto K, Sumi H, Sumi Y, Shimizu K. Traumatic spinal cord injuries from snowboarding. Am.J.Sports Med. 2006;34:1670-4.

 

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Skiboard references

  1. Greenwald RM, Nesshoever M, Boynton MD. Ski injury epidemiology: A short-term epidemiology study of injuries with skiboards.  In Johnson RJ, Zucco P. and Shealy J.E. (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000: 119-126.

  2. Shealy JE, Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ. A two-year study of skiboards. In Johnson RJ, Zucco P. and Shealy J.E. (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000: 127-131.

  3. Langran M. Injury patterns in skiboarding. A 2-yr study in Scotland. Injury Sep;33(7):563-8, 2002

  4. Holowenko D, Phillip R, MacDonald PB. Fractured tibia and fibula during use of "snowblades": Implications of the return of non release bindings. Clin J Sports Med. 2000; 10: 67-68

  5. Langran M and Selvaraj S. Increased injury risk amongst first day skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(1): 96-103

  6. Bridges EJ, Rouah F, Johnston KM. Snowblading injuries in Eastern Canada. Br.J Sports Med 2003;37:511-5.

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Nordic/XC/Telemark ski references

  1. Tuggy ML. Telemark skiing injuries. J. Sports Med Phys Fitness 1996; 36(3): 217-222

  2. Wright JR. Nordic ski jumping fatalities in the United States. A 50 year summary. J Trauma. 1988; 28(6): 848-851

  3. Tough SC, Butt JC. A review of 19 fatal injuries associated with backcountry skiiing. Am J Foren Med Path 1993; 14(1): 17-21

  4. Federiuk CS, Mann NC. Telemark skiing injuries: Characteristics and risk factors. Wilderness Environ Med 1999; 10: 233-241

  5. Made C, Borg H, Thelander D et al. Telemark skiing injuries: an 11 year study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001; 9: 386-391

  6. Smith M, Matheson GO, Meeuwisse WH. Injuries in cross country skiing. A critical appraisal of the literature. Sports Med. 1996; 21(3): 239-250

  7. Butcher JD, Brannen SJ. Comparison of injuries in classic and skating nordic ski techniques. Clin J Sports Med. 1998; 8: 88-91

  8. Mecham MD, Greenwald RM, Macintyre JG et al. Incidence and severity of head impact during freestyle aerial ski jumping. J Appl Biomech. 1999; 15: 27-33

  9. Tuggy ML, Ong R.  Injury risk factors among telemark skiers. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28(1): 83- 89

  10. Rundell KW, Spiering BA et al. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Jan;35(1):18-26

  11. Helge JW, Lundby C et al. Skiing across the Greenland icecap: divergent effects on limb muscle adaptations and substrate oxidation. J Exp Biol 2003 Mar 15;206(Pt 6):1075-83

  12. Millet GP, Boissiere D, Candau R. Energy cost of different skating techniques in cross-country skiing. J Sports Sci 2003 Jan;21(1):3-11

  13. Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Judelson DA, Wilson MH. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2003;35:18-26.

  14. Farahmand BY, Ahlbom A et al. Mortality amongst participants in Vasaloppet: a classical long-distance ski race in Sweden. J Intern Med 2003 Mar;253(3):276-83

  15. Angermann M, Hoppeler H, Wittwer M, Dapp C, Howald H, Vogt M. Effect of acute hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake and maximal performance during leg and upper-body exercise in Nordic combined skiers. Int.J.Sports Med. 2006;27:301-6.

  16. Farahmand B, Hallmarker U, Brobert GP, Ahlbom A. Acute mortality during long-distance ski races (Vasaloppet). Scand.J.Med.Sci.Sports 2007;17:356-61.

  17. Francescato MP,.Puntel I. Does a pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding improve a 20-km cross-country ski performance? J.Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 2006;46:248-56.

  18. Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stoggl T, Bjorklund G, Muller E. Contribution of the legs to double-poling performance in elite cross-country skiers. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2006;38:1853-60.

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Relevant books and other publications

Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ, Mote CD Jr and Ekeland A (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eleventh Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1289. 1997. ISBN 0-8031-2472-4

Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ  (ed): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Twelfth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1345. 1999. ISBN 0-8031-2612-3

Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ, Zucco P. and Shealy JE (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1397. 2000. ISBN 0-8031-2876-2

 Skiing Trauma and Safety. Johnson RJ, Lamont MK and Shealy JE  (Eds): Skiing Trauma and Safety: Fourteenth Volume. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. STP 1440. 2003. ISBN 0-8031-3462-2

Alpine skiing - Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. Leach RE (Ed). Blackwell Scientific Publications 1994. ISBN 0-632-03033-X

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